Page 68 - CARILEC CE Industry Journal_Oct_2019

Continuing this research, applying machine learning to can be followed to ensure proper integration of EVs from
EV charging data can be used to optimize the utilization importation to infrastructure in a reasonable timeline.
of existing aging distribution network infrastructure
(transformers, overhead lines and cables), alleviating Aligning with good policy practices for EVs allows for a
power system load flow congestion while delaying wider target population to obtain and use these vehicles.
distribution network investments for upgrades particularly Electrification of the transport sector is the simplest way
in a power system without a Time of Use (ToU) Tariff. to start promoting a greener environment through the
With the exception of Barbados, Jamaica and Suriname, use of EVs. [7] notes that uncertainty and gaps in
75% of the countries in the Caribbean do not employ knowledge presents a major obstacle in transportation
ToU tariffs [6]. At this time, there is no ToU tariff in electrification. Some average savings by switching to
Trinidad and Tobago. From a governmental perspective, EVs are shown in Figure 2.
EV adoption presents a job-boosting, revenue-generating
and technology-enhancing opportunity that holds
long-term benefits for a country [7].

This paper proposes a strategic framework that can
alleviate both non-technical and technical problems
associated with EV implementation backed up with
studies that highlight potential solutions. This will allow
EV implementation to be streamlined such that
penetration can be allowed in small proportions and
eventually expand in a seamless strategic manner.

Fig. 2 - Emission Savings [8]
NON-TECHNICAL
CONSIDERATIONS TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Policy, commercial and economic mechanisms are With the integration and provision of support of EVs in
required to bolster EV uptake [7]. Importation of EVs various Caribbean countries, standards need to be
into small Caribbean countries require a standardized adhered with regard to electrical infrastructure and
process to ensure that these vehicles firstly meet maintenance. Maintenance aspects include motor, battery
international and local standards. Secondly, charging and internal charger systems. Tables I and II show
infrastructures and policies for EV waste management common Electrical Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
should be properly implemented. Figure 1 shows a connections both on the vehicle and home sides. As the
generalized process that can be used in small Caribbean EV market grows, international standardization should be
islands to begin EV importation. adopted for worldwide uniformity. Tables I - VI list the
applicable standards from ISO, UL, SAE and NFPA.

TABLE I - CONSUMER SIDE CONNECTIONS [8]
Consumer Side Region Electrical
Connection Characteristics
Type C or CEE 7/16
Europe except Amps: 2.5
United Kingdom, Volts: 110-240
Ireland, Cyprus Hz: 50-60
and Malta

Type A or NEMA 1-15
Amps: 15
America and Japan Volts: 100-127
Hz: 50-60

Type F or CEE 7/4 Germany, Austria,
Fig. 1 - EV Ownership Process
The Netherlands, Amps: 16
Sweden, Finland, Norway, Volts: 110-240
Once the customer receives their vehicle, support should be Portugal, Spain and Hz: 50-60
present for the maintenance of these vehicles. This includes Eastern Europe
support from the electric utility company and maintenance
services such as repairs and disposal of parts associated Type B or NEMA 5-15 Amps: 15
with EVs. This process ensures a seamless pathway that USA, Canada, Mexico Volts: 100-127
& Japan Hz: 50-60

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