Page 71 - CARILEC CE Industry Journal_Oct_2019

Table VIII is quoted in countries where the ambient
temperature is lower than that of the Caribbean. For
Caribbean countries, the temperatures will be much higher
at peak times. This will result in reduced ranges over time
relative to other countries as the battery life will degrade at
a faster rate. However, it should be noted that Lithium-Ion
batteries are best charged at higher temperatures. The
Battery Management System (BMS) in EVs play an
important role in charging correctly based on temperature.
Therefore, with the implementation of EV infrastructure,
countries should ensure that personnel are well trained in
the areas of maintaining and servicing the BMS in EVs.

CONCLUSION
Fig. 4 - Emission Reduction
Various processes have been described to facilitate
Due to high costs, this may be more favorable to smooth EV penetration in SIDS. This starts from
commercial customers rather than residential. However, developing a framework based on the importation of
there is a single-phase DC quick charger operating on Level vehicles, development of local standards and policies,
2 infrastructure which may appeal to residential customers usage of controller devices to prevent overloads and
[17]. Table VIII shows the typical charge times for the machine learning algorithms for optimized scheduling.
different classes of EVs at different levels of charging. Short- and medium-term solutions include using charge
control techniques to ease EV penetration demand while
long term planning includes infrastructure upgrades.

TABLE VIII -
CHARGE TIMES EV Configuration Battery Size 120 VAC 120 VAC 240 VAC 480 DC Technology
20 amp
85 amp
40 amp

(kWh)
15 amp
AND BATTERY 1.2 kW 1.6 kW 6.5 kW 60 kW
SIZING [18]
PHEV-10 4 3 h 20 m 2 h 30 m 35 m n/a Toyota Prius
PHEV-20 8 6 h 40 m 5 h 1 h 15 m n/a Toyota Prius
PHEV-40 16 13 h 20 m 10 h 2 h 28 m 16 m Chevy Volt
BEV 24 20 h 15 h 3 h 41 m 24 m Nissan Leaf
BEV 35 29 h 10 m 21 h 50 m 5 h 23 m 35 m Toyota RAV4 EV
PHEV Bus 50 n/a n/a 7 h 41 m 50 m BYD K9
References
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http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-worldplug-in-vehicle-volumes/
[2] Alternative Fuels Data Center. (2017) Emissions from Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles. [Online]. Available:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric emissions.php
[3] The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. (2015, Oct) Budget Statement 2016. [Online]. Available:
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[4] GlobalPetrolPrices.com. (2017, May) Gasoline Prices. [Online]. Available: http://www.globalpetrolprices.com/lpg prices/
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[6] Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Shikoku Electric Power Co.Inc. (YONDEN). (2015) CARICOM Countries Renewable
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[7] Regulated Industries Commission (RIC). (2019) Energy Road Map Series: Advancing Electric Vehicle Adoption in Trinidad and Tobago.
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[9] NRDC. (2018) Study: Electric Vehicles Can Dramatically Reduce Carbon Pollution from Transportation, and Improve Air Quality.
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[10] EV Institute. (2017) Plug In World Map. [Online]. Available: http://www.ev-institute.com/images/media/Plug World map v5.pdf
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[12] Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards, “TTBS: Introduction to the Standardization Process,” 2018.
[13] Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Finance, “Act No. 15,” 2017.
[14] Knoema. (2018) Trinidad and Tobago - Pump Price for Gasoline and Diesel. [Online]. Available:
https://knoema.com/atlas/Trinidad-andTobago/topics/Economy/Inflation-and-Prices
[15] U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2018) Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Updates. [Online]. Available:
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[16] Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission. (2018) Residential (Domestic) Rate A. [Online]. Available:
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[17] Efacec Electric Mobility, S.A. (2017) QC24S Quick Charging Station. [Online]. Available:
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